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Efflorescence

PHENOMENON: An all-encompassing term describing the chromatic alteration, manifesting itself (often) as whitish surface phenomenon that is formed by migratory components from within the paint which have reacted with outside elements and manifested themselves on the surface of the paint layer PROCESS: The migration of mobile components within the paint layers to the surface of the paint where they are deposited

Related terms

Whitening
Densely packed crystals
Crystalline growth extending over surface cracks
Thin haze of particulate material
Fine rod-shaped crystals
Greyish coherent
flaky
particulate crust
Layered crust
Dense crystalline spots
Fine haze resembling organic efflorescence
Epsomite Efflorescence

COMMENT: COMMENT: It is becoming more common for Efflorescence to be used to describe the phenomenon of lead soap formation on a painted surface. This phenomenon manifests itself in many different forms, as a hard crust, as metal soap protrusions and crystalline clusters, sometimes rendering the painting partially unreadable. The metal soaps are superficial deposits composed of metal carboxylates (a reaction of free fatty acids with metal ions) which have migrated to the surface of the paint film, where they undergo a process of remineralisation with atmospheric pollutants.

Literature

Osmond G., Zinc White and the influence of paint composition for stability in oil based media, 2014, in: Issues in Contemporary Oil Paint, pp 263-281

Noble P., Boon JJ. , Metal soap degradation of oil paintings: aggregates, increased transparency and efflorescence., 2007, in: AIC Paintings Specialty Group postprints 19, pp 1-15
https://cool.conservation-us.org/waac/wn/wn20/wn20-1/wn20-108.html

Ordonez E., Twilley J., Clarifying the Haze: efflorescence on works of art, 1997, in: Analytical Chemistry 69 (13), pp 416a-422a

Sawicka A., Burnstock., Izzo F.C., Keune K., Boon J.J., Kirsch K., van den Berg K.J., An investigation into the viability of removal of lead soap efflorescence from contemporary oil paintings, 2014, in: Issues in Contemporary Oil Paint, pp 311-332

Akerlund L., Efflorescence: An investigation of selected paintings from the 19th to the 21st century with a preliminary experimental study of the role of moisture in the development of efflorescence., 2012, in: Courtald Institute of Art Third Year project.,
http://www.collectiewijzer.nl/2013/01/18/efflorescence-in-paintings-and-the-role-of-moisture-by-luciana-akerlund/

Keune K., Kirsch K., Boon J.J., Lead soap efflorescence in a nineteenth-century painting: appearance, nature and sources of materials., 2007, in: AIC Paintings Specialty Group postprints, Rhode Island, 16-19th June 2006 vol.19 AIC, Washington DC., pp 146-150

Sutherland K., An Investigation into the Relationship Between Organic Composition of Commercially Prepared Grounds and Efflorescence, 1995, in: ,

Sandbakken E.G., Tveit E.S., Preserving a Master: Edvard Munch and His Painted Sketches, 2012, in: Journal of Urban Culture Research Vol. 5 2012, pp 86-104
https://www.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/JUCR/article/view/20514/17822

Izzo F.C., van den Berg K.J., van Keulen H., Ferriani B., Zendri E., Modern oil paints- Formulations, organic additives and degradation: some case studies., 2014, in: Issues in Contemporary Oil Paint, pp 75-104

Efflorescentie

Fenomeen: een allesomvattende term die de kleurverandering beschrijft, zich (vaak) manifesterend als een wit uitgeslagen oppervlak. De oorzaak is dat componenten vanuit de verf naar het oppervlak migreren waarbij deze soms reageren met elementen van buiten de verf. Proces: De migratie van mobiele componenten binnen de verflagen naar de oppervlak van het verf waar ze gedeponeerd worden.

Opmerking: Steeds vaker wordt de term efflorescentie gebruikt om het fenomeen van lood zeep vorming op een beschilderd oppervlak te beschrijven. Dit fenomeen manifesteert zich in verschillende vormen, als harde korst, als metaal zeep protrusies of kristallijne bundels, soms met gevolg dat het schilderij deels onleesbaar is. Metaalzepen zijn neerslagen op het oppervlak gevormd door metaal carboxylaten (een reactie van vrije vetzuren uit de verf met metaalionen) die naar het oppervlak van de verflagen zijn gemigreerd. Daar kunnen ze een proces van reminieralisatie met stoffen uit de lucht ondergaan.

Literatuur

Osmond G., Zinc White and the influence of paint composition for stability in oil based media, 2014, in: Issues in Contemporary Oil Paint, pp 263-281

Noble P., Boon JJ. , Metal soap degradation of oil paintings: aggregates, increased transparency and efflorescence., 2007, in: AIC Paintings Specialty Group postprints 19, pp 1-15
https://cool.conservation-us.org/waac/wn/wn20/wn20-1/wn20-108.html

Ordonez E., Twilley J., Clarifying the Haze: efflorescence on works of art, 1997, in: Analytical Chemistry 69 (13), pp 416a-422a

Sawicka A., Burnstock., Izzo F.C., Keune K., Boon J.J., Kirsch K., van den Berg K.J., An investigation into the viability of removal of lead soap efflorescence from contemporary oil paintings, 2014, in: Issues in Contemporary Oil Paint, pp 311-332

Akerlund L., Efflorescence: An investigation of selected paintings from the 19th to the 21st century with a preliminary experimental study of the role of moisture in the development of efflorescence., 2012, in: Courtald Institute of Art Third Year project.,
http://www.collectiewijzer.nl/2013/01/18/efflorescence-in-paintings-and-the-role-of-moisture-by-luciana-akerlund/

Keune K., Kirsch K., Boon J.J., Lead soap efflorescence in a nineteenth-century painting: appearance, nature and sources of materials., 2007, in: AIC Paintings Specialty Group postprints, Rhode Island, 16-19th June 2006 vol.19 AIC, Washington DC., pp 146-150

Sutherland K., An Investigation into the Relationship Between Organic Composition of Commercially Prepared Grounds and Efflorescence, 1995, in: ,

Sandbakken E.G., Tveit E.S., Preserving a Master: Edvard Munch and His Painted Sketches, 2012, in: Journal of Urban Culture Research Vol. 5 2012, pp 86-104
https://www.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/JUCR/article/view/20514/17822

Izzo F.C., van den Berg K.J., van Keulen H., Ferriani B., Zendri E., Modern oil paints- Formulations, organic additives and degradation: some case studies., 2014, in: Issues in Contemporary Oil Paint, pp 75-104